Tunable vibration dampers and methods of manufacture and tuning

ABSTRACT

Embodiments are directed to tunable damper embodiments and methods of using the same for damping resonant and non-resonant vibrations present within an object that the tunable damper is secured to. In some cases, the tunable damper may be tuned before, during or after being secured to an object.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/484,210, titled Tunable Vibration Dampers and Methods of Manufactureand Tuning, filed Sep. 11, 2014, by Vyacheslav M. Ryaboy, which is adivisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/338,164, now U.S. Pat.No. 8,857,585, titled Tunable Vibration Dampers and Methods ofManufacture and Tuning, filed Dec. 27, 2011 and issued Oct. 14, 2014, byVyacheslav M. Ryaboy, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 61/428,211, titled Tunable Vibration Damper for anOptical Table and Methods of Manufacture, filed Dec. 29, 2010, byVyacheslav M. Ryaboy, all of which are incorporated by reference hereinin their entirety.

BACKGROUND

Optical tables are presently used in a wide variety of applications andenvironments. Commonly, the term optical table refers to any platformsupporting vibration-sensitive equipment such as optical assemblies,biological experiments and/or equipment, or high-precision semiconductormanufacturing systems. Typical optical tables consist of at least onesandwich structure having two faceplates enclosing a lightweighthoneycomb core. Due to low weight-to-stiffness ratios, these platformsfind wide applications in optical research and high-precisionmanufacturing, usually in conjunction with soft pneumatic vibrationisolators. Although good isolation from floor vibration can be achievedin these systems, the platform deviates from the ideal rigid-bodybehavior at natural frequencies of its flexural resonance vibrations.Those resonance vibrations may be mitigated by various types of dampersor damping systems.

While existing tuned dampers have proven useful in such applications, anumber of design challenges remain. For example, a body serving as amoving mass of a damper may be required to move, in the frequency rangeof interest, linearly and uni-axially in the direction of modalvibration of the main structure, which may be in the normal (usuallyvertical) direction in case of an optical table. If the mass does notmove in a prescribed manner, but rather exhibits rotational modes in thefrequency range of interest, the damper may be ineffective. Further,manufacturing these devices has proven time-consuming as a hermetic sealis often required to ensure the damper fluid remains in place.

Further, the tuning characteristics of presently available tuned dampersystems are often factory determined and set. As such, adjustments at awork site to correct for changing work environments or needs tends to bedifficult if not impossible. Thus, in light of the foregoing, there is aneed for tunable vibration damper systems for use with a variety ofdesired optical table assemblies, or the like, that are reliable, easilymanufactured, easily adjusted or tuned and/or stable under varyingtemperatures.

SUMMARY

Some embodiments of a tunable damper assembly include a frame thatprovides structural rigidity between at least one base plate and atleast one cover plate. The tunable damper assembly may further include amoveable damper mass disposed in the frame and at least one flexiblemass engaging member configured to elastically support the movabledamper mass. In addition, at least one engaging device may be positionedbetween the mass engaging member and damper mass and configured toaffect the flexing of the mass engaging member upon movement of thedamper mass. Furthermore, at least one load mechanism may be operativelycoupled to a load plate and one or more engaging member supports,wherein the load mechanism, load plate and engaging member supports areconfigured to apply a biasing force to the one or more mass engagingmembers.

Some embodiments are directed to a tunable damper assembly including aframe that provides structural rigidity between at least one base plateand at least one cover plate. The tunable damper assembly furtherincluding a moveable damper mass disposed in the frame and at least oneflexible mass engaging member configured to elastically support themovable damper mass. In addition, at least one engaging device may bepositioned between the mass engaging member and damper mass andconfigured to affect the flexing of the mass engaging member uponmovement of the damper mass. Furthermore, at least one load mechanismmay be operatively coupled to a load plate and one or more engagingmember supports, wherein the load mechanism, load plate and engagingmember supports are configured to apply a biasing force to the one ormore mass engaging members. In some embodiments of the tunable damperassembly, the mass engaging member may be assembled with a highly dampedelement that experiences shear deformation during the flexural motion ofthe mass engaging member upon movement of the damper mass.

Some embodiments of a tunable vibration damper assembly may include ahousing including at least one sidewall, at least one base plate and atleast one cover plate which are assembled to form at least one chamberconfigured to receive a moveable mass. The tunable damper assembly mayfurther include a moveable damper mass disposed in the at least onechamber, the damper mass having a rectangular box shape including a topsurface and a bottom surface. A first mass engaging member may bedisposed adjacent the top surface of the damper mass and a second massengaging member may be positioned adjacent the bottom surface of thedamper mass. In some cases, the first mass engaging member and thesecond mass engaging member may include a flat plate configurationhaving a first surface parallel to a second surface with the secondsurface facing the damper mass. The flat plate of the first and secondmass engaging members may include a resilient spring material configuredto elastically support the movable damper mass. A first pair of engagingdevices may be positioned between the first mass engaging member and thetop surface of the damper mass. A second pair of engaging devices may bepositioned between the second mass engaging member and the bottomsurface of the damper mass. The first pair of engaging devices may beconfigured as a pair of substantially parallel extruded elongate bodiesextending along the length of the top surface of the damper mass andengaging the second surface of the first mass engaging member. Thesecond pair of engaging devices may include a pair of substantiallyparallel extruded elongate bodies extending along the length of thebottom surface of the damper mass and engaging the second surface of thesecond mass engaging member. At least one load mechanism may bethreadedly engaged to a load plate of the assembly. The load plate mayinclude a flat plate having a first side parallel to and facing the topplate. The load plate may also include a second side having engagingmember supports extending along opposing sides of the second side of theload plate. The engaging member supports may have a sloped or curvedsurface or profile, wherein the load mechanism, load plate and engagingmember supports are configured to apply a biasing force to the first andsecond mass engaging members. Highly damped elements may be secured tothe first surface of the first mass engaging member and second massengaging member respectively. The highly damped elements may be disposedalong opposing sides of the first surface of the first mass engagingmember and second mass engaging member. One set of highly dampedelements may also be disposed between the first mass engaging member andadjacent sloped or curved surfaces or profiles of engaging membersupports. Another set of highly damped elements may be disposed betweenthe second mass engaging member and adjacent sloped or curved surfacesor profiles of engaging member supports. In some cases, the highlydamped elements are configured to undergo shear deformation uponmovement of the damper mass so as to dissipate vibrational energy of thedamper mass.

Some embodiments of a method of damping an object include providing atunable damper assembly having a frame that provides structural rigiditybetween at least one base plate and at least one cover plate. Thetunable damper assembly may also include a moveable damper mass disposedin the frame between the base plate and cover plate and at least oneflexible mass engaging member configured to elastically support themovable damper mass. The assembly may also include at least one massengaging device disposed between the mass engaging member and dampermass. At least one load mechanism may be operatively coupled to a loadplate and one or more engaging member supports such that the loadmechanism, load plate and engaging member supports are configured toapply a biasing force to the at least one mass engaging member andadjust the mechanical compliance of the mass engaging member. A highlydamped element may be disposed on the at least one flexible massengaging member between an engaging member support and the mass engagingmember. Thereafter, a resonance frequency of the object may bedetermined and the load mechanism adjusted to match a resonancefrequency range of the tunable damper assembly and the resonancefrequency of the object. Thereafter, the tunable damper assembly may besecured or otherwise operatively coupled to the object to providedamping.

Some embodiments of a method of tuning a tunable damper assembly to thedesired resonance frequency include defining an excitation frequency,f_(excitation), for a required tuned resonance frequency f_(tuned) usinga formula derived from an appropriate model of a shaker and tunabledamper assembly. The tunable damper assembly may then be mechanicallycoupled to a platform of the shaker. A vibration sensor may be securedto the tunable damper assembly housing or to the platform of the shakerand the shaker driven to provide a constant-amplitude sinusoidal forceat frequency f_(excitation) Thereafter, a load mechanism of the tunabledamper assembly may be adjusted by adjusting a biasing force to at leastone mass engaging member of the tunable damper assembly and so as toadjust a mechanical compliance of the mass engaging member so as tominimize the output of the sensor.

Some embodiments of a method of reducing vibration in an object includeoperatively coupling one or more vibration sensors to an object,measuring vibration in the object with the vibration sensor andoutputting the measured vibration characteristics. In some cases, themeasured vibration characteristics may output on a display. Thereafter,a load mechanism of the tunable vibration damper assembly may beadjusted by adjusting a biasing force to at least one mass engagingmember of the tunable damper assembly and so as to adjust a mechanicalcompliance of the mass engaging member until a desired or acceptablemeasured vibration characteristics is displayed on the display.

Certain embodiments are described further in the following description,examples, claims and drawings. These features of embodiments will becomemore apparent from the following detailed description when taken inconjunction with the accompanying exemplary drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example embodiment of a prior art damping systemembodiment.

FIG. 1A illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a tunabledamper.

FIG. 2 illustrates a section view of the tunable damper of FIG. 1A.

FIG. 2A illustrates an enlarged view in partial section of the massengaging member of FIG. 2.

FIG. 2B is a transverse section of the tunable damper of FIG. 2.

FIG. 3 illustrates a section view of an embodiment of a tunable dampershowing mass engaging members operatively coupled to highly dampedelements.

FIG. 3A illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a massengaging member.

FIG. 3B illustrates a section view of the mass engaging member of FIG.3A.

FIG. 3C is a transverse section of the tunable damper of FIG. 3.

FIG. 4A illustrates a partial view of the tunable damper embodiment ofFIG. 3 showing the highly damped elements supported between the massengaging member and engaging member supports.

FIG. 4B illustrates a partial view of the tunable damper of FIG. 3showing the highly damped elements in a compressed state.

FIG. 5 illustrates a partial view of the tunable damper of FIG. 3showing the highly damped elements experiencing shear deformation uponbending or flexing of the mass engaging member.

FIG. 6 illustrates an exploded view of the tunable damper of FIG. 3.

FIG. 7 illustrates a front elevation view of the tunable damper of FIG.3.

FIG. 8 illustrates an elevation view in section view of an embodiment ofa tunable damper showing mass engaging members including integrallyformed engaging devices.

FIG. 9 is a cut away view of one corner of an optical table embodimentthat illustrates the tunable damper embodiment of FIG. 3 assembled to anoptical table embodiment.

FIG. 9A is an elevation view of the optical table embodiment of FIG. 9showing a top surface, a bottom surface, a sandwich core therebetweenand supporting legs.

FIG. 10 is a graph showing transmissibility functions that represent arate of vibration transmission in terms of ratios of acceleration,velocity or displacement from the base plate to the damper mass of thetunable damper of FIG. 3 and identify the damping factors by the heightof the resonance peaks.

FIG. 11 is an elevation view of a tunable damper embodiment installed ona platform of a shaker.

FIG. 12 illustrates a top view of an embodiment of a tunable damper witha cover plate of the damper removed to show an embodiment of a loadingscrew stop.

The drawings illustrate embodiments of the technology and are notlimiting. For clarity and ease of illustration, the drawings may not bemade to scale and, in some instances, various aspects may be shownexaggerated or enlarged to facilitate an understanding of particularembodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As discussed above generally, there is a need for a damper assembly thatcan be easily tuned and manufactured in a timely and cost efficientmanner. In addition, there is a need for a tunable damper that can beeasily tuned by an end user. Furthermore, there is a need for a tunabledamper that may be tuned before, during, and/or after being operativelycoupled to an object.

Embodiments discussed herein include a tunable damper assembly which mayprovide a user with the ability to tune the tunable damper before,during, and/or after being operatively coupled to an object, such as anoptical table, in order to enable the tunable damper to damp resonantand non-resonant vibrations of the object. Embodiments of tunabledampers disclosed herein may be used to reduce the amplitude ofmechanical vibrations at a variety of resonant and non-resonantfrequencies present in objects. For example, some tunable dampers may beconfigured such that they are optimal for reducing vibration in objectsthat have low resonance and non-resonant frequencies (for example, below100 Hz). Additionally, some tunable dampers may be configured such thatthey are optimal for use with objects that have medium resonance andnon-resonant frequencies and/or high resonance and non-resonantfrequencies (i.e., above approximately 100 Hz). In general, tunabledampers described herein may be assembled and/or tunable in any numberof ways in order to achieve damping over any number of narrow or wideranges of resonance frequencies or other non-resonance frequencies.

Passive vibration control devices (dampers) of various designs arewidely used in construction of optical tables. The “Shock and VibrationHandbook”, ed. by C. M. Harris, 4^(th) edition, 1996, chapter 37,provides a survey of the state of the art in this field and aclassification of dampers (damping systems and treatments). Exemplarydamping systems include: free-layer damping treatments, where the energyis dissipated by means of extensional deformation of a damping layer(e.g. visco-elastic material) induced by flexural vibration of the basestructure; constrained-layer damping treatments, where the constraininglayer helps induce relatively large shear deformations in thevisco-elastic layer in response to flexural vibration of the basestructure, thereby providing a more effective energy dissipationmechanism; integral damping treatments, including use of dampedlaminated sheets and/or damped joints in the construction assembly;damping links, i.e., visco-elastic elements joining two parts of thestructure that experience large relative motion in process of vibration.

Tuned dampers, also known as tuned mass dampers or dynamic vibrationabsorbers, are essentially mass-spring systems having resonances matched(tuned) to the resonance frequency of a base structure. The applicationor use of a tuned damper may replace the resonance peak of the basestructure, typically, by two peaks of significantly lower amplitudes,and accordingly may enhance transient attenuation. Generally, massdampers are known to be the most effective among the known means ofpassive damping. General principles of design, tuning and application oftuned mass dampers are presented in numerous handbooks, researchmonographs and papers, among them: Shock and Vibration Handbook, ed. byC. M. Harris, 4^(th) edition, 1995, Chapter 6; Dynamic VibrationAbsorbers: Theory and Technical Applications, by B. G. Korenev, L. M.Reznikov, (in Russian): Moscow, Nauka Publishers, 1988; Englishtranslation: John Wiley and Sons, 1993; Vibration Damping, by A. D.Nashif, D. I. G. Johns, J. P. Henderson, John Wiley and Sons, 1985;Analytical solutions to optimization of dynamic vibration absorbersattached to damped linear systems, by T. Asami, O. Nishihara, A. M. Baz,Trans. ASME Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, 2002, 124, No. 2, p.284-295; and Smart Tuned-Mass Dampers, by K. E. Smith, J. R. Maly and C.D. Johnson. Proceedings of the ADPA/AIAA/ASME/SPIE Conference on ActiveMaterials and Adaptive Structures (AMAS) (edited by Gareth Knowles), 4-8Nov. 1991, Alexandria, Va., all of which are incorporated by referencein their entirety herein.

While tuned dampers offer improved performance over damping treatmentsand damping links passive dampers, a number of shortcomings have beenidentified. For example, tuned dampers require individual tuning to theresonance frequency and proper level of energy dissipation. This tuningprocess may be a complex process that involves precise structuralmodifications and requires skilled labor and specialized measuringequipment.

In addition, selecting an appropriate material from which to constructspring elements of tuned dampers has proven challenging. Visco-elasticelastomeric materials present one evident choice. Nevertheless, thetheory of viscoelasticity teaches that in the frequency and temperaturerange where these materials demonstrate the necessary (close to maximum)level of damping, they also exhibit maximum variability of the elasticmodulus with temperature, which makes the tuning of the damper unstable:the stiffness of the spring may change and the damper become mistunedeven after moderate changes in temperature. In contrast, metals haveelastic moduli which are substantially independent of temperature.Unfortunately, however, metals fail to provide the necessary damping.

Often, damping fluids or oils are used in conjunction with metalsprings. FIG. 1 shows an example of a prior art tuned damping system. Asshown, the tuned damper system 1 includes a casing or housing 3 formedby a sidewall 5, a base plate 7, and a cover plate 9. At least onechamber 11 is formed within the casing 3. Further, a damping mass 13supported by or in communication with one or more elastic elements 15 ispositioned within the chamber 11 of the casing 3. As shown in FIG. 1,one or more damper fluids 17 are also positioned within the casing 3.

Referring again to FIG. 1, the use of damper fluids 17 may requirehermetic welding of the sidewall 5, base plate 7, and cover plate 9 inorder to contain the damper fluid 17. As such, manufacturing the damperis a time consuming process and involves complicated tuning procedures.For the damper 1 to work effectively, the loss factor associated withviscous fluids 17 and elastic elements 15 supporting the damper mass 13should be close to an optimal value. This optimal value of the lossfactor may depend on the mass of the damper relative to the effectivemass of the main structure. The loss factor may generally be between 0.2and 0.4 for some optical table applications. If oil is used for damping,the resulting loss factor may be adjusted by varying the quality andquantity of oil. As such, multiple sensors such as accelerometer orgeophones are often used in the process of tuning dampers incorporatingoil. Typically, one sensor is installed on a relatively rigid base,another on the moving mass of the damper. Adjustments to the dampingcharacteristics may be made by comparing the outcome of the two sensorssuch as accelerometers or geophones.

Methods of tuning such a damper are generally based on adjusting nominalfrequency to equal a certain value. The nominal frequency f₀, is thefrequency defined by the damper's moving mass m and stiffness, k,

$f_{0} = {\frac{1}{2\pi}{\sqrt{\frac{k}{m}}.}}$The sources named above describe various methodologies for defining thisvalue (tuning frequency). According to some approaches, this tuningfrequency may be equal to the resonance frequency of the main structure.According to some other approaches, the tuning frequency may stay in acertain relationship to this resonance frequency depending on theeffective mass ratio of the damper and the main structure. The tuningmay be performed by changing either the stiffness of the element thatprovides the restoring force after displacement of the moving mass ormass of the moving mass of the damper. Some methodologies includesubsequent optimization of a damping factor in the tuned damper. Oil mayprovide an essentially frequency-independent damping coefficient, c,whereas tuned damping often requires an essentially constant lossfactor, η. The two quantities are related by the equation c=2πf₀mη.Therefore, the damper may be generally effective when the amount andquality of oil is adjusted to the damper frequency. Lower frequenciesgenerally require lighter oil or less oil, higher frequencies generallyrequire more oil or heavier oil. Some known damper embodiments useseveral types of oil to cover a required frequency range; fine tuning ofthe damping factor may be achieved by adjusting the amount of oil. Thedamping factor in such cases may be monitored by measuring vibrationtransmissibility with two vibration sensors, one of which may beinstalled on the moving mass of the damper.

In some cases, it may be necessary to test the damper to make sure ithas the required nominal frequency and internal damping beforeinstalling it into the main structure. This may be the case with anoptical table where the damper may be epoxied into the table structureand disassembly after installation may be difficult or impossiblewithout causing considerable damage. Some state-of-the art methods ofmeasuring natural frequencies of the tuned dampers, both formanufacturing and for quality check, may be limited by standard methodsof experimental modal analysis. One method may include identifying themaximum of vibration transmissibility from the base to the moving massof the damper. That may require two sensors, one of them may have accessto the moving mass, another, used as a reference, may be located on thebase or housing, and source of random or swept sine vibration. Anothermethod may be to use shock excitation and measure the frequency ofresulting oscillation of the moving mass of the damper. This method maybe unreliable for some damped structures. It may be desirable to replacethe manufacturing and tuning procedures with more convenient ones,specifically, to eliminate messy and time-consuming operations involvingoil and welding, and simplify the measurement routines. Additionally, itwould be desirable to improve on precision and allow corrections to thedamper settings after it had been installed to an object, such as anoptical table in some cases.

FIGS. 1A and 2 show an embodiment of a tunable damper assembly 20. Asshown in FIG. 2, the tunable damper assembly 20 may include a damperhousing 22 which may include at least one sidewall 24 in mechanicalcommunication with at least one base plate 26 and at least one coverplate 28. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the housing 22 may include multiplesidewalls 24. Optionally, the housing 22 may be formed from a singlesidewall 24. Furthermore, the housing 22 may be formed in any number ofshapes (i.e., cylindrical, rectangular) and configurations as desired.It is also contemplated that the sidewalls and plates of the housing ofthe tunable damper assembly 20 may generally form a frame structure thatprovides structural rigidity between at least one base plate 26 and atleast one cover plate 28. As such, the frame or housing 22 may vary insize and shape. Furthermore, the frame 22 may be manufactured out of anynumber of materials including steel, iron, copper, aluminum, titanium,which may be in the form of shells, plates, rods, frames or the like.

The tunable damper assembly 20 may be permanently or removably coupledto at least a part of an object for which the tunable damper assembly 20is configured to damp. For example, the housing 22 (or frame) or anysuitable feature of the tunable damper assembly 20, may be mechanicallycoupled either permanently or removably to an object (i.e., a supportstructure, optical table, bench, platform, breadboard, etc.) in order todamp mechanical vibrations at resonant frequencies and/or suppressforced mechanical vibrations at non-resonant frequencies (e.g.,mechanical vibrations caused by unbalanced rotating equipment, etc.)affecting the object. By way of example, FIGS. 9 and 9A illustrate anembodiment of the tunable damper assembly 50 assembled to a part of anoptical table 195.

As shown in FIG. 2, the sidewalls 24, base plate 26, and cover plate 28include separate elements. As such, any number of techniques may be usedto couple or secure the base plate 26 and/or cover plate 28 to the oneor more sidewalls 24. For example, the base plate 26 may be welded to orbrazed to the one or more sidewalls 24 while the cover plate 28 may becoupled to the one or more sidewalls 24 using one or more fasteners 48.Exemplary fasteners include, without limitations, screws, bolts, cornerpieces, lock members, pins, and the like. Optionally, the base plate 26and the cover plate 28 may be coupled to the sidewall 24 using one ormore fasteners 48. By way of further example, the base plate 26 andcover plate 28 may be coupled to the one or more sidewalls 24 using anynumber of coupling techniques, including, without limitations, brazing,welding, adhesively bonding, compression fit, and the like. Optionally,at least one of the sidewall 24, base plate 26, and cover plate 28 mayform a unitary device rather than being formed from separate elements.

Unlike some prior art damper devices, the tunable damper 20 embodimentsdisclosed herein do not require hermetic seals because damper fluidssuch as oils are not used. As such, the tunable damper assembly 20embodiments disclosed herein may be less expensive and less timeconsuming to manufacture and assemble compared to some prior artsystems. In addition, the tunable dampers 20 disclosed herein may alsoprovide the advantage of being easier to tune and fine-tune due at leastin part to the tunable damper's 20 lack of reliance on fluids comparedto some prior art systems.

Referring again to FIG. 2, the housing 22 may include at least onechamber or vestibule 30 configured to receive at least one movabledamper mass device 32 therein. Optionally, any number of chambers 30 maybe formed within the housing 22. Furthermore, any one chamber 30 may besized and shaped to allow movement or oscillation of the damper massdevice at least along a first linear axis. As shown in FIG. 2, thechamber 30 includes a single damper mass device 32 positioned within thechamber 30. However, any suitable number of damper mass devices 32 maybe positioned within the chamber 30. The damper mass 32 may also bedisposed within the frame, and the damper mass 32 may be comprised ofone or more massive bodies.

In an embodiment of the tunable damper 20, the damper mass device 32 maybe movable along a first linear direction, which is illustrated by wayof example in FIG. 2 as d₁. Direction d₁ may be oriented substantiallyparallel to a longitudinal axis 32′ of the damper mass 32. Additionally,direction d₁ may be oriented substantially parallel to a line from thecenter of a first mass engaging member 34 adjacent the cover plate 28 toa center of a second mass engaging member 34 adjacent the base plate 26.Alternatively, the damper mass 32 may be movable along a second lineardirection, which is illustrated by way of example in FIG. 2 as d₂.Direction d₂ may be oriented approximately perpendicular to directiond₁. Furthermore, some embodiments of the tunable damper assembly 20 mayallow the movable damper mass 32 to move along a first and second lineardirection, such as d₁ and d₂, independently and/or simultaneously in adiagonal orientation.

As shown in FIG. 2, the damper mass 32 may have a rectangular box shapeincluding a top surface and a bottom surface. However, the damper mass32 may have any number of sizes and shapes that may assist to dampmechanical vibrations at resonant frequencies and/or suppress forcedmechanical vibrations at non-resonant frequencies (e.g., mechanicalvibrations caused by unbalanced rotating equipment, etc.) affecting theobject which the tunable damper assembly 20 is secured to, as will bediscussed in greater detail below. In addition, the damper mass device32 may be manufactured from any number of a variety of materials. Forexample, the damper mass device 32 may be made out of tungsten and/orsteel. Additionally, and without limitations, the damper mass device 32may be made out of aluminum, titanium, steel, iron, copper, variousalloys, lead, fluids, magneto-reactive materials or fluids, ceramics,composite materials, silica, granite, and the like.

FIG. 2 also illustrates an embodiment of a mass engaging member 34. Themass engaging member 34 may be a resilient flexible member in the shapeof a substantially flat plate with a first surface that may besubstantially parallel to a second surface that is supported on at leasttwo outer edges. The mass engaging member 34 may have sufficientresilience to support the weight of the mass device 32 but sufficientflexibility or mechanical compliance in response to the pressure fromthe loading device 42 to deflect the mass engaging member 34. The massengaging member 34 may be made of at least one flexible and resilientmaterial and may be configured to generally provide a flexible resilientsupport for the damper mass 32 so as to allow the damper mass 32 tooscillate and assist in damping resonance or non-resonance vibrations.For example, the damper mass 32 may be positioned between one or moremass engaging members 34 where the at least one mass engaging member 34enables the damper mass 32 to move relative to resonant and non-resonantvibrations present in the object to which the tunable damper 20 iscoupled to. For example, one or more mass engaging members 34 may beoperatively coupled to the damper mass 32 such that when at least onemass engaging member 34 flexes or deforms during or as a result ofdisplacement of mass 32 it allows the damper mass 32 to move along alinear direction or axis, such as d₁.

For the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the damper mass 32 is disposedbetween and supported by a first mass engaging member 34 and a secondmass engaging member 34′. Furthermore, the damper mass 32 may be secured(e.g., screwed, adhered, etc.) to the first mass engaging member 34 andsecond mass engaging member 34′. During assembly, for example, thedamper mass 32 may be secured to the first and second mass engagingmembers 34 and 34′ such that the longitudinal axis 32′ of the dampermass 32 is aligned generally with the center of the first and secondmass engaging members 34 and 34′. In general, this configurationgenerally allows the damper mass 32 to move or oscillate along itslongitudinal axis 32′ or the first linear direction d₁ upon flexion ordeformation of one or both of the mass engaging members 34. Inparticular, for the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, as the damper mass 32 isdisplaced along d₁ in an upward direction from a nominal or restingposition, the upper mass engaging member 34 is bowed or deflected to agreater extent and generates a non-restoring force in a downwarddirection. In addition, as the mass 32 is displaced upward from thenominal or resting position, the lower or second mass engaging member34′ may become less deformed from a flat or resting shape andconfiguration so as to provide less force on the mass 32 in the upwarddirection.

This results in a net increasing downward restorative force on the mass32 as the upward displacement of the mass increases. Eventually, thisdownward restorative force from the mass engaging member or members 34will cause the mass 32 to stop its upward movement and begin moving in adownward direction under at least the restorative force of the uppermass engaging member 34. The reverse of this process is then repeated asthe mass is displaced in a downward direction from the nominal orresting position of the mass 32 so as to allow the mass 32 to oscillatebetween the two mass engaging members 34 and 34′ during use.Furthermore, the damper mass 32 and the first and second mass engagingmembers 34 and 34′ may be assembled such that they are generallycentered within the chamber 30 of the housing 22. The ability of a massengaging member 34 to flex or deform may be affected by featuresinteracting with the mass engaging member 34 and/or due to material orstructural properties of the mass engaging member 34.

In some embodiments, the mass engaging member 34 may include an elasticmember such as a leaf spring or plate having similar elastic supportwith a generally symmetrical overall shape with two sets of opposingparallel sides. The mass engaging member 34 may include a multiple layerlaminate device formed from one or more outer layers 35 sandwiching oneor more inner layers 37, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 2A. Exemplary resilientmaterials having spring-like properties for forming the outer layers 35may include, without limitations, steel, titanium, high-strengthpolymers, spring metal, and the like. Inner layer embodiments 37 may beformed from highly damped viscoelastic elastomers such as polyurethane,sorbothane, silicon rubber, natural rubber, and the like. In addition,the inner layer embodiments 37 may have a variety of hardnessproperties, such as about 55 Shore A hardness to about 75 Shore Ahardness. The mass engaging member 34 may include materials that assistin absorbing and dissipating vibrational energy, for example, uponmovement of the damper mass 32. The absorption and dissipation of thisenergy ultimately assists in damping at least some of the resonancemodes of an object to which the damper 20 is attached.

In some cases, at least one engaging device 36 may be positioned betweenand in contact with at least one surface of the mass engaging member 34and damper mass 32. The at least one engaging device 36 may function toaffect the flexing of the mass engaging member 34 and effective distancethe damper mass 32 may travel. For example, an engaging device 36 mayfunction at least in part to provide support along a resilient part ofthe mass engaging member 34 so that when the damper mass 32 moves oroscillates, such as in the general direction d₁, the mass engagingmember 34 flexes or bows, or otherwise deforms. Furthermore, featuresand positioning of the engaging devices 36 may affect the flexing orbowing of the mass engaging member 34, which ultimately may affect theability of the tunable damper 20 to damp vibration in certain ranges ofresonance frequencies. The four engaging devices 36 shown in FIG. 2include elongate ridges or bodies extending across the end surfaces ofthe damper mass 32 in a direction which is substantially perpendicularto d₁ and d₂, however, other configurations are also contemplated.

In some cases, engaging device 36 may function similar to a fulcrum suchthat the placement of the engaging device 36 relative to the area ofresilient material of the mass engaging member 34 may affect themechanical compliance of the mass engaging member 34. For instance, asingle engaging device 36 oriented generally at or along a center orcenterline, respectively, of the resilient material of the mass engagingmember 34 may result in the greatest mechanical compliance or the leastamount of force necessary to be applied by the engaging device 36 inorder to cause the mass engaging member 34 to flex or deform. More thanone engaging device 36 may engage a single mass engaging member 34 (asshown in FIG. 2) in order to provide, for example, additional stabilitycompared to a single engaging device 36. As such, more than one fulcrummay interact with a single mass engaging member 34, which may result ina variety of mechanical stiffness and compliance of the mass engagingmember 34 depending on the shape and placement of the one or moreengaging devices 36.

The engaging devices 36 shown in FIGS. 2 and 6 include elongate bodiesof substantially constant transverse dimension. Longitudinal axes of theelongate bodies lie substantially parallel to each other andsubstantially perpendicular to directions d₁ and d₂, as discussed above.In some cases, the engaging devices 36 may extend across the entirewidth of the damper mass 32 and may have a transverse dimension of about0.05 inches to about 0.20 inches. In general, the engaging members 36,such as the elongate bodies, are generally disposed symmetricallyrelative to a centerline of the mass engaging member 34. For theembodiment shown in FIG. 2, the centerlines of the mass engaging members34 and 34′ intersect the axis 32′ of the damper mass 32. As the pair ofelongate bodies are positioned at a greater distance relative to eachother, the effective length of resilient material of the mass engagingmember 34 is decreased which results in a lower mechanical compliancedue to an increase in the amount of force required to cause the massengaging member 34 to flex or bow. Similarly, as the pair of elongatebodies are positioned closer together or towards the centerline of themass engaging member 34 in some cases, the effective length of resilientmaterial of the mass engaging member 34 is increased which results in agreater mechanical compliance due to the decrease in amount of forcerequired to cause the mass engaging member 34 to flex or bow.

In general, engaging device 36 configurations that result in generallyless compliant mass engaging members 34 may be more appropriate for usein tunable dampers 20 that are to be used to damp resonance vibrationsin higher frequency ranges, e.g. above 100 Hz. Furthermore, engagingdevice 36 configurations that result in generally more flexible (greatermechanical compliance) mass engaging members 34 may be more appropriatefor use in tunable dampers 20 that are to be used to damp resonancevibrations in lower frequency ranges, e.g. below 100 Hz. However, moreand less flexible mass engaging members 34, such as leaf springs havingdifferent thickness may be used in tunable dampers 20 configured to damphigher and lower resonance frequencies, respectfully, in some instances.Additional factors such as material properties of the mass engagingmember 34 and surface features of the engaging device 36 may also assistin affecting the extent to which the mass engaging member 34 can flex ordeform during oscillation of mass 32, as will be discussed in greaterdetail below. Furthermore, an engaging device 36 may have any number ofshapes, sizes and surface features which assist in the damping functionof the tunable damper assembly 20. As discussed above, the tunabledamper 20 may be used to reduce resonant and non-resonant vibrations.

At least one engaging member support 38 is configured to engage andsupport at least a portion of the adjacent mass engaging member 34. Ingeneral, one or more features of the engaging member support 38functions to provide support along at least a part of opposing ends of amass engaging member 34. More specifically, the engaging member support38 provides support to an adjacent mass engaging member 34 while stillallowing the mass engaging member 34 to flex or deform. In addition, theengaging member supports 38 may have a sloped surface 39 with a profileor shape that is configured such that an increase in an applied force orpreload from the engaging member supports 38 to the mass engaging member34 may result in an increase in contact surface area between the massengaging member 34 and engaging member support 38. In general, thegreater the contact surface between the engaging member support 38 andthe mass engaging member 34, the greater the effective stiffness of themass engaging member 34 and the shorter the distance the damper mass 32may be able move in response to a given force on the mass 32.

The engaging member support 38, or any other similar structure ofembodiments discussed herein such as supports 70 shown in FIG. 3, mayinclude a sloped surface or a curved profile 39. In general, any numberof smooth profiles of the engaging member support 38 may produce achange in contact area between the engaging member support 38 and theadjacent mass engaging member 34. The curved profiles 39 of the engagingmember supports 38 and 70 may be chosen, within certain geometricconstraints, to ensure smooth change in the effective stiffness ormechanical compliance of the mass engaging members 34 and 64 as a resultof the movement or displacement of the loading device 42 and 74 (seealso FIG. 3) in the process of tuning the resonant frequency of thetunable damper assembly. In some embodiments, such as the tunable damperembodiments 20 and 50 of FIGS. 2 and 3 respectively, which use leaf typesprings as elastic mass engaging members 34 and 64, good results wereachieved by employing engaging member support 38 curved profiles 39having a substantially circular configuration with radiuses commensuratewith the size of the mass engaging member 34 and 64 plates, e.g., about4 inches to about 5 inches in some cases. Generally, the shape of theengaging member support 38 curved profiles 39 may be determined bymodeling the engaging member supports restrained by supports under loadsexerted by the load mechanisms 42 and 74, using the methods known in theart. Curved profiles 39 other than circular, e.g. linear, parabolic, andothers may also prove useful for some embodiments.

In general, the engaging member supports 38 may be substantially rigidin order to provide the necessary support for the mass engaging member34. Alternatively the engaging member supports 38 may include agenerally compliant material. By way of example, the engaging membersupports 38 may be manufactured out of steel, aluminum, plastic, glass,or ceramics. The engaging member supports 38 shown are positioned atopposing ends of a mass engaging member 34 and extend across the entirewidth of the mass engaging member 34 to provide support along an entireedge thereof.

At least one load plate member 40 may be positioned adjacent theengaging member supports 38. In the illustrated embodiment, the loadplate member 40 is positioned generally between the cover plate 28 andthe engaging member supports 38. Optionally, the load plate member 40may be positioned proximate to the base plate 26. In some embodiments,the load plate members 40 may be positioned proximate to the base plate26 and the cover plate 28. In addition, the load plate member 40 andengaging member support 38 may be combined into a single part. Also, twoor more of a load plate member 40, cover plate 28, base plate 26 and/orengaging member supports 38 may be combined to form a single part. Theload plate 40 may be displaceable relative to the housing to provide astable but adjustable support surface for the engaging member support38. In some cases, the adjustment of the load plate 40 may includedisplacement of the load plate 40 made along d₁. The load plate member40 may be manufactured from any variety of materials, including, withoutlimitations, aluminum, titanium, steel, polymers, ceramic, and the like.

Referring again to FIG. 2, at least one load mechanism 42 may beoperatively coupled to the load plate member 40 and may be configured tocontrollably apply at least one biasing force to or displacement of theload plate member 40 relative to the cover plate 28. The load mechanism42 may include a screw configuration having an elongated threaded member43 extending from a hexagonal head 45. The threads extending from thethreaded member 43 may engage recessed threads of a threaded throughhole 47 extending through the load plate 40 generally at a center pointof the load plate 40. This threaded engagement between the threadedmember 43 of the load mechanism 42 and the threaded through hole 47 ofthe load plate 40 allow the load plate 40 to move as a result ofrotation of the load mechanism 42. For instance, rotation of the loadmechanism 42 in a first direction may result in moving the load plate 40in the direction of the damper mass 32. In general, when the load plate40 moves in the direction of the damper mass 32, the force generated bythe load plate 40 against the mass engaging members 34 may increase. Theforce may be transmitted through profiled engaging member supports 38 tothe engaging members 34 (damped springs), thereby changing contact andsupport areas of those members. As such, the effective stiffness and theresonance frequency of the damper mass 32 are also affected by the forcetransmitted through the profiled engagement member supports 38, whichmay thereby achieve the desired effect of tuning.

In the illustrated embodiment, the load mechanism 42 is accessible andadjustable by a user via at least one access port 46 (see example accessport in FIGS. 6 and 7). In general, the threaded member 43 of the loadmechanism 42 may engage threaded features of the threaded through hole47 of the load plate 40 such that, for example, when the threaded member43 of the load mechanism 42 is rotated relative to the load plate 40,the biasing force applied by load plate 40 to the engaging membersupports 38 along direction d₁ may be increased or decreased. In theembodiment shown, the load mechanism 42 is configured to increase ordecrease force on the load plate 40 along direction d₁.

It is contemplated that the load plate member 40 and load mechanism 42may be positioned adjacent to the base plate 26, cover plate 28, orboth. As such, the housing 22 may include one or more access ports 46.In some embodiments, the access port 46 may provide a user with theability to interact with the load mechanism 42. For example, a user mayaccess the load mechanism 42 by way of an access port 46 in order toadjust the biasing force applied to the load plate 40. Alternatively,adjustment of the load mechanism 42 may be done electronically with amotor (not shown) such that direct user access to the load mechanism 42for adjustment purposes may not be necessary. Furthermore, any number ofalternate mechanisms, including various alternative load mechanismembodiments that function to provide an adjustable biased force againstthe load plate 40 may also be used.

At least one load interface 44 may be positioned between the cover plate28 the load plate 40 and/or load mechanism 42 and may be configured toreduce friction between the load mechanism 42 and any surroundingfeatures such as the cover plate 28. In some embodiments, the loadinterface 44 includes a ball bearing (as shown in FIG. 3). However, anynumber of different devices may be used as a load interface 44, such asa flat washer, or the like.

FIGS. 3-7 show another embodiment of a tunable damper assembly 50. Aswith previously described damper embodiments, the tunable damperassembly 50 includes a damper housing 52 formed from at least onesidewall 54 secured to at least one base plate 56 and at least one coverplate 58. In addition, the tunable damper assembly 50 includes a dampermass 62 positioned within a chamber 60 of the housing 52 with a firstmass engaging member 64 positioned adjacent to the top surface 61 of thedamper mass 62 and a second mass engaging member 64′ positioned adjacentto a bottom surface 63 of the damper mass 62. The tunable damperassembly 50 may have some or all of the same or similar features,functions dimensions or materials as described in the tunable damper 20above, and any suitable feature or function of the previous tunabledamper 20 embodiment may be incorporated into any tunable damperembodiment 50 disclosed herein.

Tunable damper 50 includes mass engaging members 64 supported at leastpartially by one or more highly damped elements or supports 66. Thehighly damped elements 66 may generally incorporate one or more layersof thin viscoelastic elastomers, such as polyurethanes, and/or siliconmaterials disposed along at least one surface of the mass engagingmembers 64. As shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, a mass engaging memberembodiment 64 may include one or more flat sheets of resilient flexiblematerial having generally opposing parallel sides and opposing parallelsurfaces. One or more highly damped elements 66 may be secured toopposing sides of a first surface of the mass engaging member 64. Thehighly damped element 66 may include thin flat layers of viscoelasticmaterial in the form of a sheet or pad. Any variety of other highlydamped materials may be used to form the highly damped elements 66 suchas polyurethane, silicon rubber, natural rubber, etc. These materialsmay have a variety of hardness properties, such as about 55 Shore Ahardness to about 75 Shore A hardness. Additionally, the highly dampedelement 66 may have a thickness of about 0.01 inch to about 0.1 inch.For example, the highly damped element 66 may have a thickness of about0.02 inches to about 0.04 inches in some embodiments. By way of furtherexample, and as illustrated in FIG. 3, the mass engaging members 64 maybe operatively coupled to highly damped elements 66 along at least apart of opposing sides of a first surface of the mass engaging members64. Additionally, the highly damped elements 66 may be positionedbetween engaging member supports 70 and mass engaging members 64.

The compression force experienced by the highly damped elements 66 maybe at least partially due to the biased force along direction d₁parallel to a longitudinal axis 62′ of mass 62 applied by the loadmechanism 74 and load plate 72, as described above by way of example.The force may be transmitted through curved profile 89 surfaces of theengaging member supports 70 to the engaging members 64 (damped springs),thereby changing contact and support areas of those members. Thereforethe effective stiffness of the engaging members 64 and the resonancefrequency of the damper mass 62 oscillations between the members 64 arealso affected by the force transmitted through the curved profiles 89 ofthe engagement member supports 70, which may thereby achieve the desiredeffect of tuning. This biased force may also enable the curved profiles89 of the engaging member supports 38 to exert a biased force upon afirst contact area 67 (shown by way of example in FIGS. 4A/B and 5) ofthe highly damped elements 66. A second contact area 69 of the highlydamped elements 66 may be generally in contact with the mass engagingmember 64 which is at least supported by engaging devices 68 andprovides an opposing compression force to the highly damped elements 66.

In the illustrated embodiment, the load mechanism 74 is accessible andadjustable by a user via at least one access port 46 (see example accessport in FIGS. 6 and 7). In general, a threaded member 83 of the loadmechanism 74 may engage threaded features of the threaded through hole87 of the load plate 72 such that, for example, when the threaded member83 of the load mechanism 74 is rotated relative to the load plate 72,the biasing force applied by load plate 72 to the engaging membersupports 70 along direction d₁ may be increased or decreased. In theembodiment shown, the load mechanism 74 is configured to increase ordecrease force on the load plate 72 along direction d₁.

FIGS. 4A through 5 also show how an increase in the first contact area67 may result in a shorter effective compliant length of the massengaging member 64 which may flex or bow in response to movement of thedamper mass 62. In general, as the first contact area increases 67, theeffective compliant length of the mass engaging member 64 decreaseswhich results in a less mechanically compliant mass engaging member 64.Therefore, FIG. 4A shows the smallest first contact area 67 with thelongest effective compliant length 91. The first contact area 67 in FIG.4B is greater than the first contact area 67 in FIG. 4A and also has ashorter effective compliant length 91′ than the compliant length 91.FIG. 5 shows the mass engaging member 64 flexing or bowing and having aneven greater first contact area 67 and an effective compliant length 91″even shorter than compliant length 91′.

Any one highly damped element 66 may be generally secured in place byway of bonding, adhering or molding of the highly damped elements 66 toa surface, such as to the mass engaging member 64. By way of example,any one highly damped elements 66 may be bonded to a surface (i.e., massengaging member 64, engaging member supports 70) using, withoutlimitations, urethane glue, epoxy, and the like. In some embodiments ofthe mass engaging member 64, at least a part of the mass engaging member64 may be laminated, coated over molded with a viscoelastic material toform a highly damped element 66 thereon. For example, the mass engagingmember 64 may be laminated with a viscoelastic polymer, polyurethane,silicon rubber, or any damping material that can form a highly dampedelement 66 and assist in the damping of resonance vibrations.

The highly damped elements 66 generally function to absorb and dissipateenergy resulting from the resonance vibrations present in the object towhich the tunable damper assembly 50 is operatively coupled. Morespecifically, for the embodiment shown, as the damper mass 62 moves oroscillates within the housing and causes one or more mass engagingmembers 64 to flex or deform, the highly damped elements 66 mayexperience shear deformation as shown by arrows S₁ and S₂ in FIG. 5.This shear deformation experienced by the highly damped elements 66 maybe at least partially due to the adhesion or frictional forces actingalong the first contact area 67 and second contact area 69. Theseadhesion or frictional forces result in generally opposing directionalmovements, or shear deformation, between material layers of the highlydamped elements 66 when the mass engaging member 64 deforms or flexes.Shear deformation of the material of the highly damped supports mayallow the energy resulting from resonance vibrations to dissipate in thematerial body of the highly damped elements 66, which may damp theresonance vibrations in the object to which the tunable damper 50 isoperatively coupled to.

FIGS. 4A through 5 are schematic views of a portion of the tunabledamper 50 illustrating the highly damped element 66 compressed betweenthe engaging member support 70 and mass engaging member 64. Inparticular, FIG. 4A illustrates the mass engaging member 64 in a firstposition. When the mass engaging member 64 is in this first position,the mass engaging member 64 is not substantially flexed or deformed andis generally in a flat configuration. FIG. 5 illustrates the massengaging member 64 in a flexed or bowed position. Movement of the dampermass 62 and/or engaging member support 70 towards each other generallycauses the mass engaging member 64 to be in a flexed or bowed position.

In the first position, shown in FIG. 4A, the highly damped element 66 isin contact with the engaging member support 70, but the contact area 67between the highly damped element 66 and the engaging member support 70is relatively small. However, when the mass engaging member 64 is in theflexed position, as shown in FIG. 5, the contact area 67 between thehighly damped element 66 and the engaging member support 70 may besignificant.

During use of the tunable damper assembly 50, in some cases the dampermass 62 may vibrate or oscillate within the housing primarily alongdirection d₁ in response to vibrations present in an object that thetunable damper 50 is operatively coupled to. In most cases, thevibrations in the object are transmitted from the object, through thehousing, the supports 70 and members 64 to the mass 62. Movement of thedamper mass 62 generally causes the mass engaging members 64 to bend orflex. When a mass engaging member 64 is in a flexed position, the highlydamped element 66 may be in surface contact with the flexed massengaging member 64. During oscillatory motion of the damper mass 62, andthe resulting flexural deformation of mass engaging members 64, materiallayers between the first and second contact surfaces 67 and 69experience dynamic deformation due to the adhesion or frictional forcespulling the first and second contact surfaces 67 and 69 in generallyopposing directions (shown as directions S₁ and S₂ in FIG. 5).

As a result, the tunable damper 50 may be able to over time, togenerally-damp mechanical vibrations at resonant frequencies and/orsuppress forced mechanical vibrations at non-resonant frequenciesaffecting the object to which the tunable damper 50 is secured to by wayof the process described above. In some embodiments of the tunabledamper 50, the frequency range of vibration that the tunable damper 50can effectively damp may be defined at least in part by the mechanicalcompliance, or effective flexibility, of the mass engaging memberembodiments 64. As described above, a number of factors may affect theeffective flexibility or compliance of the mass engaging member 64. Forexample, the size, shape and material properties of the mass engagingmember 64 may affect the effective flexibility of the mass engagingmember 64. Additionally, the features and placement of the one or moreengaging devices 68 relative to the mass engaging member 64 and dampermass 62 may affect the effective flexibility of the mass engaging member64.

By way of example, FIG. 8 illustrates another embodiment of a tunabledamper 150 including a mass engaging member 164 having engaging devicefeatures 168. In this embodiment, the engaging device features 168 mayperform the same or similar functions as the engaging devices 36 and 68described above by providing a support or point of contact for the massengaging member 164 with damper mass 62, and which also assist the massengaging members 164 to flex or deform upon movement of the damper mass62. The tunable damper assembly 150 may have some or all of the same orsimilar features, functions, dimensions or materials as described intunable dampers 20 and 50 above, and any suitable feature or function ofthe previous tunable damper embodiments 20 and 50 may be incorporatedinto any tunable damper embodiment 150 disclosed herein.

As shown in FIG. 8, the engaging device features 168 may includeintegral bends or folds in the mass engaging member 164 material whichform a pair of elongate ridges which extend substantially parallel toeach other along a length of the mass engaging device 164 and projectfrom a nominal surface of the mass engaging device 164 towards thedamper mass 62. However, any number of features may be incorporated intothe mass engaging member 164 which provide support for the mass engagingmember 164 and assist the mass engaging member 164 in the ability toflex or deform. The mass engaging member 164 may include a viscoelasticmaterial that is positioned between the mass engaging member 164 and oneor more engaging member supports 70 for assisting in damping theresonance and/or mechanical vibrations present in an object to which thetunable damper 150 is attached. Alternatively, the viscoelastic materialmay be a laminate surrounding all or part of the mass engaging member164, or part of the laminated structure of the mass engaging member 164as shown in FIG. 2 with reference to the engaging member 34.

The size, shape and material properties of the mass engaging member mayalso affects its effective compliance or flexibility. FIG. 6 illustratesan exploded view of the tunable damper 50, which shows another view ofthe mass engaging member 64. The mass engaging member embodiment 64shown may be a thin piece or plate of generally resilient materialhaving a generally symmetrical shape (i.e., a square shape). Thematerial and thickness of the mass engaging member 64 may affect theflexibility of the mass engaging member 64. For example, the massengaging member 64 may be made out of steel, beryllium copper, titaniumor other elastic material. By way of further example, the generallyflexible material of the mass engaging member 64 in dampers intended foroptical tables may have a thickness range of about 0.01 inches to about0.1 inches and a length and width of about 1 inch to about 20 inches.For example, in some cases, the mass engaging member 64 may have athickness range of about 0.02 inch to about 0.06 inch. However, thematerials, shapes and dimensions of the mass engaging member 64 are notlimited to the examples disclosed herein, and any number of materials,shapes and dimensions may define the mass engaging member 64.

Other factors may also affect the mechanical compliance or effectiveflexibility of the mass engaging member 64. The amount of biased force,or pre-load force, applied by the load mechanism 74 and load platemember 72 onto the mass engaging member 64 may affect the flexibility ofthe mass engaging member 64. A pre-load force may be set upon tuning ofthe tunable damper 50 in order to shift or adjust the natural frequencyof the damper and configure the tunable damper 50 to effectivelydamp-vibration in one or more ranges of resonance frequencies or othernon-resonance frequencies of the object to which it secured. Forexample, the pre-load force, or biased force, that is applied by theload mechanism 74 and the load plate member 72 enables the engagingmember supports 70 to apply a force along opposing ends of the massengaging member 64, thereby affecting the flexibility of the massengaging member 64. Furthermore, the effective flexibility of the massengaging member 64 assists in defining the one or more frequency rangesof resonance vibration the tunable damper 50 may be able to damp.

FIG. 6 also shows a first pair of notches or features 65 generally alongopposing sides of the mass engaging members 64 and 64′ and a second pairof notches or features 77 generally along opposing sides of the engagingmember supports 70. The first pair of notches or features 65 and secondpair of notches or features 77 may assist in aligning the mass engagingmembers 64 within the tunable damper 50. For example, pins 73 (as shownin FIG. 3) may represent a pair of features or supports that interact orengage mechanically with the first pair of notches 65 in the massengaging members 64 and 64′ in order to align the adjacent mass engagingmember 64 by mating the first pair of notches 65 of the mass engagingmember 64 with the pins 73. This arrangement may secure the massengaging member 64 in a substantially lateral fixed orientation relativeto the adjacent engaging member supports 70. Furthermore, in anassembled state, the first pair of notches 65 engaged with the pins 73enables the mass engaging members 64 and associated elements secured tothe mass engaging members 64, such as the damper mass 62, to generallymaintain a fixed orientation relative to, for example, the housing 52.In general, maintaining a fixed orientation of the mass engaging members64 relative to the engaging member supports 70 and housing 52 may ensureproper functioning of the tunable damper 50 by preventing mechanicalinterference between the mass engaging members 64 and surroundingstructures such as the housing. Although the first pair of notches 65and second pair of notches 77 are illustrated as geometric cut-outs, anynumber of features or elements may be used to assist in aligning themass engaging members 64 with at least the engaging member supports 70.Furthermore, the first pair of notches 65, second pair of notches 77,and pins may be incorporated in any of the tunable damper embodiments20, 50, 150 disclosed herein.

Also shown in FIG. 6 are the relief holes 71 provided along the side ofthe base plate 56 which may be generally facing the adjacent massengaging member 64′. The one or more relief holes 71 may provideadditional space for fasteners 79 (e.g., screws, rivets, etc.), as shownin FIG. 3, that may be used to partially secure the mass engaging member64 to the damper mass 62 in a sliding relationship that still allowsrelative movement between these components along direction d₁. That is,shafts of the fasteners 79 may be sized to slip through correspondingholes in the mass engaging members 64. As the damper mass 62 moves inresponse to resonance vibrations, additional clearance space may benecessary in order to prevent the fasteners 79 from butting up againstadjacent elements, such as the base plate 56. Alternatively, the reliefholes may be placed along any part within the tunable damper 50, such asthe top plate 58 or load plate member 72, where a relief hole 71 isnecessary to provide clearance for a feature, such as the fastener 79described above. As such, the side of the load plate member 72 facingthe adjacent mass engaging member 64 may include one or more reliefholes 71.

FIG. 7 also shows a set screw 75 that can assist in locking the loadmechanism 74 in place after adjusting the load mechanism 74 to a desiredposition. However, any number of locking features may be used togenerally lock the tunable damper 50 in the desired tuned configuration.For example, another embodiment of a locking mechanism is shown in FIG.12. FIG. 12 illustrates an example embodiment of a loading stop 174 thatmay function to generally prevent deviation from of any one of theloading features from the positions set by tuning and which may beincorporated in any tunable damper embodiment. For example, and shown byway of example in FIG. 12, the loading stop 174 may be operativelycoupled to the load mechanism 74. Additionally, the loading stop 174 mayalso interact with a stopping feature 175 such that the stopping feature175 restricts the rotation of the load mechanism 74 by way ofrestricting the rotation of the loading stop 174. Furthermore, thestopping feature may be a type of fastener, such as a screw, that maysecure the positioning of the loading stop 174 at a desired location.For example, a cutout slot 176 in the loading stop 174 may interact witha stopping feature 175 and define the range of rotation that the loadingstop 174 and load mechanism 74 may rotate. By way of further example,once the loading stop 174 is in a desired position, the stopping feature175 may be secure the loading stop 174 from further movement. Ingeneral, the loading stop 174 may assist a user in tuning the tunabledamper within an acceptable range for the given tunable damper 50. Aswith any feature or function disclosed here, any feature or functiondescribed for at least one embodiment of the tunable damper 20, 50, and150 may be incorporated in any one of the tunable damper embodimentsdisclosed herein.

It has also been contemplated that loading or pre-loading of tunabledamper embodiments may be controlled and monitored electronically. Forexample, one or more force sensors such as a button type load cell maybe incorporated in the tunable damper assembly 50 to sense the amount offorce being applied by the one or more load plate members 72 onto themass engaging members 64. Such a sensor may be positioned, for example,between the load mechanism 74 and the top plate 58 of the embodimentshown in FIG. 3, or the load mechanism 42 and the top plate 28 of theembodiment shown in FIG. 2, replacing the load interface 44.Additionally or alternatively, a proximity sensor can be placed insidethe housing to monitor the position of the loading plate 72, e.g. asshown by item 82 in FIG. 3. An electronic readout may provide a userwith information associated with the readings obtained by the one ormore sensors. Furthermore, a user may use the sensor readings to ensurethe proper amount of force is being applied by the one or more loadplate members 72. In addition, electronic components may also beprogrammed to only allow the load plate members 72 to apply a forcewithin a pre-defined range. Therefore, the pre-loading and tuning of thetunable damper may be electronically adjusted and controlled by one ormore electronic and mechanical components in some cases.

Tuning of the tunable damper 50 may enable a user to adjust the tunabledamper 50 so that it can generally damp vibration in one or more rangesof resonance frequencies. Additionally, the tunable damper 50 may betuned or fine-tuned before, during and/or after operatively coupling thetunable damper 50 to an object, such as an optical table. The tunabledamper 50 may be tuned using a number of methods and devices for tuning.For example, and shown by way of example in FIG. 11, at least onesensing device 108 such as accelerometers, geophones or laserinterferometers may be coupled to or otherwise in communication with thehousing or damper mass. In some embodiments, the sensing device 108includes an accelerometer. Optionally, any variety of suitable sensingdevices 82 may be used with the system embodiments discussed herein.Additional components may be connected in series or in parallel to thesensing device 108, such as, for example, a voltmeter 110 and a displayscreen 112, as shown in FIG. 11.

As discussed above, some methods of tuning the tunable damper may bebased on adjusting its nominal frequency to a certain value. The nominalfrequency, f₀, is the frequency defined by the tunable damper's dampermass and the effective stiffness of the mass engaging members. Referringto FIG. 3, these values are defined by the damper's damper mass, 62, andthe stiffness of supporting assemblies, mainly the mass engaging members64 together with highly damped elements 66.

Tuning may be implemented by changing the effective stiffness by meansof pre-loading the mass engaging members 64. For example, the frequencyrange covered by adjusting the stiffness as described above, may besignificant, such as in the order of about 100 Hz or more. By way offurther example, the damping ratio, or the loss factor, η, may berelatively constant in the tunable frequency range and may generallystay within a desirable range, which is, approximately, 0.2 to 0.4 forsome optical table applications. Both nominal frequency and loss factormay be estimated by analyzing the vibration transmissibility curves.

FIG. 10 shows the vibration transmissibility functions from the baseplate 56 to the damper mass 62 of a tunable damper embodiment such asthe tunable damper 50 embodiment shown in FIG. 3. These functions wereobtained experimentally using two accelerometers and a signal analyzer.The vibration transmissibility functions represent the ratio ofvibration amplitude of the moving mass 62 to the vibration amplitude ofthe base 56. The resonance maxima of these curves generally indicate thenominal tuning frequencies. Various curves correspond to varyingpositions of the load mechanism, from the most relaxed, represented bythe solid line with the maximum at about 80 Hz, to the most stressed,represented by the dashed line with a maximum at about 310 Hz. The lossfactor, η, may be measured by the inverse value to the resonanceamplitude, Q. More precisely,η=1/√{square root over (Q ²−1)}

The data of FIG. 10 shows, therefore, that the loss factor may remainrelatively constant and close to the recommended optimal value in arange of resonance frequencies (such as 80 Hz to 310 Hz) achieved bytuning the damper 50 via operation of the load mechanism 74, therebyillustrating the required range and performance of the damper.Traditional methods of tuning the damper to a given or desired frequencycan be applied at least to the embodiments of the tunable damperembodiments described herein and shown by way of example at least inFIGS. 2 and 3. Optional additional methods of tuning the tunable damperto a given frequency is also presented herein and illustrated in FIG.11. As shown, a tunable damper 100 may be installed on a platform 102 ofa shaker 104. The tunable damper 100 may have any or all of thefeatures, dimensions, and materials of the dampers 20, 50, 150 and maybe similarly tuned. In some cases, the shaker 104 may comprise anelectromagnetic shaker, however, any variety of shakers may be usedwithout departing from the scope of this disclosure. The shaker 104 maybe excited through the interconnect 106 coupled to at least one powersupply (not shown). At least one accelerometer or other vibration sensor108 may be installed on or otherwise in communication with the tunabledamper 100 or the platform 102. In some embodiments, the platform 102may be excited by a harmonic force with a fixed frequency and amplitude.

The resulting motion of the housing of the tunable damper 100 may dependon the natural frequency of the damper. By changing the effective springstiffness or flexibility of the one or more mass engaging members 64 ofthe tunable damper 100 the user may be able to tune the resonancefrequency of the damper 100. As a result, it may be possible to achievea minimum value of the housing acceleration. Further, this minimum maycorrespond to the desired natural frequency, f₀=f_(tuned), if theexcitation frequency, f_(excitation), is in certain relationship withf_(tuned). This relationship may be given by the formula:

${f_{excitation} = {f_{tuned} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1 + \eta^{2}}{2 \cdot a} \cdot \left\lbrack {1 + a - \sqrt{\left( {1 - a} \right)^{2} + \frac{4 \cdot a \cdot \eta^{2}}{1 + \eta^{2}}}} \right\rbrack}}},{a = \frac{m_{a} + m_{c}}{m_{a} + m_{c} + m_{d}}},$

-   -   wherein m_(d) represents the mass of the damper mass 62 of the        tunable damper, m_(c) represents the mass of the housing of the        tunable damper 100, and m_(a) represents the mass of the        platform and moving armature of the shaker 104. The value of η        may be, as discussed above, relatively independent of frequency        and may be determined from experimental data such as shown in        FIG. 10. For the calculation of a, the value of m_(a) may be        determined from technical documentation of the shaker or from        preliminary calibration tests. The formula above was derived        from a mathematical model considering the movable mass of the        shaker together with the housing of the tunable damper, as well        as the damper mass of the tunable damper, as rigid bodies. Other        relationships between f_(excitation) and f_(tuned) may be used,        which may be derived from other appropriate models of the shaker        and tunable damper assembly embodiments obtained analytically,        numerically or experimentally using techniques known in the art.        For example, the two frequencies may coincide.

By way of example, a method of tuning the tunable damper 100 may includethe following steps. First, the excitation frequency, f_(excitation), isdefined for the required tuned frequency using the formula shown aboveor other adequate mathematical model of the shaker and damper assembly.Then the damper is installed on the platform of the shaker as show byway of example in FIG. 11. An accelerometer may then be attached to thehousing of the damper or to the loading plate of the shaker. The signalfrom the accelerometer is supplied to a processing device, such as amulti-meter Agilent 34401A or other model. The shaker may then be drivenby a constant amplitude AC current at frequency f_(excitation), asdescribed above. The pre-loading screw may then be operated or adjustedto the position providing minimum reading from the voltmeter which isindicative of the amplitude of the signal from the accelerometer. Whenthe minimum voltmeter reading is achieved, the damper may be tuned tothe required nominal frequency, f₀=f_(tuned).

As stated above, the tunable damper device embodiments may enable a userto adjust the damping characteristics of the tunable damper as needed,such as before, during, and/or after being operatively coupled to anobject. At least some experimental tests have shown that the loss factorprovided by the damped spring embodiments stay within some recommendedlimits of about 0.2 to about 0.4 in a wide frequency range (See FIG.10). Furthermore, the symmetric design of the mass engaging members 64and their arrangement around the damper mass 62 in a symmetric mannermay prevent rotational motion of the damper mass 62, thereby ensuringfull utilization of its inertia for vibration suppression in a defineddirection and maximum effect of damping.

In addition, tunable damper devices presented herein may be configuredto provide temperature-independent stiffness and high damping of elasticelements without using oil. In some embodiments, for example, the massengaging members 64 comprise metal leaf springs for substantially stabletemperature adjustable stiffness, and viscoelastic elastomeric materialsin form of thin layers or pads working in shear and integrated withthese springs to provide necessary damping. As a result, the presenttunable damper systems may provide for a simple and reliable method andmechanism for tuning the tunable damper by changing the effectivestiffness of springs or mass engaging members 64. As discussed above,this may be achieved by pre-loading the mass engaging members 64 using amechanism such as the load mechanism 74. In process of pre-loading, thecontact area of the mass engaging members 64 and engaging membersupports 70 changes, thereby changing effective span and spring constantof the mass engaging members 64 that defines the stiffness.

Furthermore, the tunable damper embodiments described herein may be usedas add-on devices to existing tables or other structures and may provideconvenient means for tuning the tunable dampers in situ. Additionally,instead of multiple vibration excitations and measurements beingnecessary for tuning a tunable damper embodiment, the tunable damperembodiments disclosed herein may require only a simple tuning procedureinvolving only one type of measurement under a fixed harmonic excitationwith only one vibration sensor, performed on the damper casing or anadjacent structure.

FIGS. 9 and 9A show an example of a tunable damper 50 assembled to anoptical table 195 in a removable way. By way of example, an interfaceplate 201 may be attached to a top face-sheet 199 of an optical table195 by a series of fasteners 197 as shown in FIG. 9. A top surface ofthe tunable damper 50 may then be covered with a layer of epoxy or otheradhesive. The tunable damper may then be inserted in a matching cavityin the core of the optical table 195 and the bottom surface of thetunable damper 50 may be secured to the bottom face-sheet 203 of theoptical table 195, such as by another series of fasteners similar to thefasteners 197. Once the tunable damper 50 is inserted in the opticaltable 195, the epoxy may be allowed to cure so that no significantstress will be exerted on the top face-sheet 199 that may jeopardize itsflatness. Alternatively, the tunable damper 50 may be integrated into anoptical table in a manner that may not allow easy removal from the tableby epoxying it into a matching cavity in the core 196 of the table. FIG.9 shows the tunable damper 50 in a vertical position for dampingvertical vibration. Vertical vibration may be an important component offlexural vibration of a horizontal table. Alternatively, the tunabledamper may be oriented in any desirable direction. Optical table 195 mayalso include a set of supporting legs or isolators 198 shown in FIG. 9A.

The tunable damper may be assembled to an object, such as an opticaltable 195, such that at least one access port 46 is accessible to auser, as shown by way of example in FIG. 9. FIG. 7 illustrates a frontview of the tunable damper 50 showing an access port 46. The access port46 may enable a user to access the load mechanism 74 and tune thetunable damper 50, as necessary, while installed in the table. Forexample, situations such as adding weight to the optical table orjoining optical tables together may change the resonance frequency ofthe optical table of which the tunable damper 50 is operatively coupledto. The tunable damper 50 may be configured to provide at least thebenefit of enabling a user to tune the tunable damper 50, such as byaccessing and adjusting the load mechanism 74, while the tunable damper50 is operatively coupled to the optical table. Alternatively, thetunable damper 50 may be de-coupled from the optical table for tuning,and then re-operatively coupled to the optical table 195.

With regard to the above detailed description, like reference numeralsused therein refer to like elements that may have the same or similardimensions, materials and configurations. While particular forms ofembodiments have been illustrated and described, it will be apparentthat various modifications can be made without departing from the spiritand scope of the embodiments of the invention. Accordingly, it is notintended that the invention be limited by the forgoing detaileddescription. Furthermore, any feature or function described for at leastone embodiment of the tunable damper 20, 50, and 150 may be incorporatedin at least any one of the tunable damper embodiments 20, 50 and 150disclosed herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of reducing vibration in an object,comprising: operatively coupling one or more vibration sensors to theobject; measuring vibration in the object with the vibration sensor andoutputting the measured vibration characteristics on a display; andadjusting a load mechanism of a tunable damper assembly which is coupledto the object by adjusting a biasing force to at least one flexible massengaging member of the tunable damper assembly so as to change aneffective flexibility of a flat multiple layer laminate structure of theat least one flexible mass engaging member by changing a contact areabetween a sloped surface of an engaging member support and a dampedelement of the at least one flexible mass engaging member and so as toadjust a mechanical compliance of the flexible mass engaging memberuntil a desired or acceptable measured vibration characteristic isdisplayed on the display.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein measuringvibration in the object comprises conducting a dynamic test including adynamic compliance test of the object coupled to the tunable damperassembly.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein adjusting the load mechanismcomprises turning a threaded member of the load mechanism so as toadjust the biasing force to the at least one flexible mass engagingmember and adjust the mechanical compliance of the flexible massengaging member.
 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising reducingthe effective flexibility of the at least one flexible mass engagingmember by increasing the contact area between the sloped surface and thedamped element.
 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising locking alock mechanism after adjusting the load mechanism.
 6. The method ofclaim 1 wherein adjusting the load mechanism to further comprisesaccessing the load mechanism through an access port which is incommunication with the load mechanism.